Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, also known as Mahatma Gandhi (1869–1948), was born in Porbandar in Western India and educated in England, where he studied law and was called to the bar in 1891. After living in South Africa where he continued to practice law, Gandhi returned to India and went on to lead the Indian Nationalist Movement and Indian National Congress. These organisations opposed British rule in India, and Gandhi's campaign was motivated by his belief in the concepts of truth, non-violence and non-cooperation. Despite being arrested for instigating protests against the British government, authorities in Westminster were obliged to negotiate with Gandhi and the Indian National Congress in order to grant independence by August 1947. Gandhi reluctantly accepted the concept of Partition, forseeing the upheaval and animosity it would create, and after independence continued to campaign for peaceful relations between the two states and religions.